3/27/2023 0 Comments Running sheep their anatomy![]() ![]() The topography of the (human) OFC includes Brodmann areas 10, 11 and 47 (Brodmann 1909). Outputs mostly correspond to inputs with some differences such as strong connections with the posterior hypothalamus and the periaqueductal gray (Kringelbach and Rolls 2004). Inputs to the OFC derive from all sensory areas, including visceral inputs but also from the amygdala, the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices, motor cingulate area, premotor area F5, other prefrontal areas and the hippocampus (Öngür and Price 2000 Kringelbach and Rolls 2004). The OFC is involved in integration of multi-sensory inputs, reward and punishment encoding in addition to emotional regulation (Hof et al. Phylogenetically, it belongs to one of the most recent neocortical area, the prefrontal cortex (PFC), so much so that in primates it is thought to have “displaced” the other areas caudally (Van Eden and Uylings 1985). ![]() The orbitofrontal cortex of primates (OFC) represents the ventral part of the frontal lobe that receives projections from the medial (magnocellular) nucleus of the mediodorsal thalamus (MDmc) (Fuster 1997, 2015 Kringelbach and Rolls 2004). Our results evidenced the presence of the basic components necessary for complex abstract thought in the sheep and a pronounced laterality, often associated with greater efficiency of a certain function, suggested an evolutionary adaptation of this prey species. Tractography of the sheep OFC, on the other hand, revealed similarities both with human tracts and those described in the literature, as well as a higher number of cortico-cortical fibers connecting the OFC with the visual areas in the right hemisphere. A reduction of the total cortical thickness was also evident together with a reduction of the prevalence of layer one and an increased layer two on the total thickness. Nissl’s staining exhibited a certain alteration in cortical lamination since no layer IV was found in the sheep. We used classical histology in five sheep ( Ovis aries) and four chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) as a six-layered-cortex primate, and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) in three sheep and five human brains. Here, we focused on the putative corresponding area in the sheep to assess its homology to the OFC in humans. The OFC is involved in social behavior, reward and punishment encoding and emotional control. Areas dedicated to higher brain functions such as the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are thought to be unique to hominidae. ![]()
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